The US, UK, France, and Germany are decoupling CO₂ emissions and energy use from economic growth by making us consume “better,” not more

Renaud Foucart, Lancaster University

Around 30 years ago, many developed countries started a process of absolute decoupling of their emissions of CO₂ and energy use from economic growth. This means keeping emissions stable, or better yet, shrinking them while still growing the economy.

As a result, GDP is much higher than in 1990 in the UK, France, Germany, and the US, but CO2 emissions are lower. This is not just because of the deindustrialization of the west: emissions decrease even if we include our imports from countries like China.

This trend may be too little too late to avoid the worst consequences of climate change and the destruction of wildlife. But it is a testimony of perhaps the biggest misunderstanding about economics: that growth is a measure of how much an economy produces rather than an imperfect account of the value of this production.

Emissions versus GDP

Fighting climate change requires a radical economic transformation to use less energy and resources. This means it could cause economic growth by making us consume “better,” not more. Putting a monetary value on protecting the Earth means people will pay the true cost of their consumption.

“Better” consumption of goods and services

The things we buy typically become more valuable if the perceived quality of a product increases. And research shows that consumers are willing to pay more if they believe a brand is more valuable, for example, because it is more ethical or environmentally friendly. This is the case for low-carbon energy sources, fairtrade chocolate, organic and local products – and even more for people who care about how others see them. So if this means replacing a £1.89 pack of beef burgers with £12 bean and mushroom patties, economic growth will undoubtedly benefit the planet.

The same can be said for the services people spend money on. As the economy becomes more dependent on services than products, this part of our consumption is even more important to “green.”

This is because much of today’s economic growth is not about measuring the value of the objects we buy. Two-thirds of the world’s GDP comprises services, which are increasingly provided from our own homes as we work remotely. The environmental cost is almost entirely composed of the energy needed to make the internet work – and there is a way to make that greener.

Sci-fi authors and futurists of the 1960s correctly predicted that we would live in a world of wireless communications, flat-screen TVs, and sophisticated kitchen appliances. At the same time, fewer foresaw that younger generations would celebrate the return of sleeper trains in Europe. They would probably also be surprised at how many people find love via their phones using online dating services. The fact that Match.com is worth more than car companies Mitsubishi and Mazda combined shows how our economy is changing towards the consumption of services rather than traditional goods.

This does not mean free markets and technology can save the world from climate change. Government intervention is also needed. One of the oldest and most accepted ideas in economics is the principle that consumers should not only pay for the cost of producing what they buy but also for its cost to society. This means taxing pollution, the destruction of wildlife, unhealthy food, traffic congestion, and the depletion of natural resources rather than raising the same amount by taxing income.

This could also be a source of economic growth. Research shows taxing pollution generates a “double dividend”: it restores fair competition between polluting and non-polluting products and generates tax revenue to invest for everyone’s benefit. If the prohibitive cost of pollution and limited natural resources forces us to innovate, we can create value instead of destroying it.

Green policies as the future of growth

In this world, sustained growth for the next century would mean phasing out fossil fuels, increasing energy efficiency, and mainly replacing meat production with plant and lab-based alternatives. But also more value is created by services, addressing well-being, and creating cleaner air and water, healthier food, and safer cities.

Indeed, 15-minute cities are more of an economist’s dream than a socialist utopia. Charging for the true cost of car use by heavily taxing noise and air pollution is textbook introductory economics. Reallocating public land towards humans and public transport saves time for everyone. On the other hand, adding roads creates more congestion, while public transport gets more efficient as more people use it. Less time spent in a car means more time for work and leisure.

And when it comes to artificial intelligence, just like machines and robots in the past, it will not kill jobs but give us more time and money to spend on leisure. This is economic growth.

The real challenge for growth is not defying the laws of physics with technology that magically allows us to produce more with the same or fewer resources. Our societies can tax polluting activities and regulate the use of land and natural resources while still being able to redistribute wealth. This is the ability to do better with less.

We also need to work out how to account for everything we value correctly. What is counted under GDP figures has changed over time to include things not directly measured by traditional markets.

Making a case for the preservation of nature means being able to put a number on it: taxing social costs and recording the value of using our parks, forests, and mountains. If those who care about protecting the environment do not fight to put the highest possible number on nature because they find the idea of valuing it in monetary terms repugnant, someone who does not care will do it.

Renaud Foucart, Senior Lecturer in Economics, Lancaster University Management School, Lancaster University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.